Perfil sociodemográfico, clínico e desfecho das vítimas acometidas por traumatismo cranioencefálico: uma pesquisa bibliográfica / Sociodemographic profile, clinic and the outcome of victims affected by Traumatic Brain Injury: a bibliographic research

Abstract

Abstract

Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the biggest causes of morbimortality, causing sequels and death, creating big impact in society. Objective: To identify the sociodemographic profile, clinic and the outcome of victims affected by TBI. Materials and Methods: Bibliographic research using the specific descriptors: “Traumatic Brain Injuries” and "Craniocerebral Trauma", whose information was cross-checked with the general descriptors: "Health Profile" and "Epidemiology". Scientific articles available in full, written in Portuguese (Brazil) and published from January 2015 to September 2021, were included. Results: Material composed of eleven articles, considering that four publications are from the online Revista de Enfermagem UFPE. Three publications took place in 2017, followed by two publications in 2018, 2019 and 2020 added to one publication in 2015 and 2016. In nine articles, data were collected in the Northeast region of Brazil. During the characterization of TBI victims, male sex predominated in all studies, ranging from 76.2% to 94.0%; female sex ranged from 6.0% to 23.8%. The ethnics of TBI victims were identified by only one article, predominantly revealing mixed-race individuals (52.3%) followed by white individuals (4.5%). Only three articles provided information about education, with the identification of illiterates ranging from 1.1% to 9.8%; elementary education ranged from 23.9% to 69.7%, secondary education had 15.2% to 47.7% incidence, and higher education had 3.8% to 15.9% incidence. Regarding the etiology of TBI, car accidents ranged from 2.2% to 49.1%, motorcycle accidents demonstrated a variation of 30.5% to 75.0%, falls from 3.4% to 19.2% and physical aggression from 3.4% to 7.1%. The mild form of TBI, that is characterized by a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 13 to 15 points, showed the range of 5.7% to 73.6%. Moderate TBI form (GCS 9 to 12 points) ranged from 0.0% to 92.7 and severe TBI form (GCS 3 to 8 points) ranged from 1.7% to 91.8% in the articles analyzed. The hospital stay average period, referred to in three articles, ranged from 6.2 to 11 days. Two articles revealed information about the day of the week in which occured the accident of TBI victims, with Monday showing incidence of 12.0% to 17.7%, Tuesday had 5.0% to 9.7% incidence; Wednesday indicated 8.0% to 8.2% range; on Thursday it ranged from 6.0% to 8.0%, on Friday it ranged from 12.8% to 16.0%; Saturday indicated 19.7% to 22.0% range and on Sunday the incidence was 23.9% to 31.0%. Two articles detailed the clinical manifestations of TBI victims, with a level decrease of consciousness ranging from 30.6% to 32.0%; headache ranged from 11.7% to 13.5%; vomiting from 7.8% to 18.9%; seizure from 1.6% to 16.0%; periorbital hematoma from 7.0% to 28.4%, otorrhagia from 5.5% to 5.8% and anisocoria from 0.8% to 11.1%. Regarding the type of treatment applied, mentioned in six articles, it was noticed that both conservative and clinical treatment ranged from 31.1% to 86.4%, while surgical treatment ranged from 9.7% to 68.8% in victims of TBI. The outcome related to the death of TBI victims was demonstrated in eight articles, with variation from 5.2% to 38.6%. Conclusions: There was a predominance of male TBI victims, single, with elementary education and aged between 20 and 29 years old. Most of the TBI occurred due to a motorcycle accident, which occurred on weekends, ranging from mild to severe TBI, with conservative treatment, with an average hospital stay of one to two weeks and a death rate ranging from 5.2% to 38.6%.

Keywords: Traumatic Brain Injuries, Health Profile, Epidemiology.