Fatores de risco e métodos de profilaxia para o tromboembolismo venoso nos pacientes hospitalizados / Risk factors and prophylaxis of methods for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patient

Abstract

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is considered a public health problem because it affects a large part of the population and has a high mortality rate. The terms encompasses two pathological processes, including Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmary Embolism (EP). Goal: Identify risk factors for Venous Thromboembolism in hospitalized patients and identify methods used as thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients. Method: Bibliographic research, with selected articles in the Virtual Health Library, including complete scientific articles, available in full published in full, written in the Portuguese (Brazil) and published from January 2016 to August 2021. Results: The material of this research was composed of ten articles, four of which were published in the Brazilian Vascular Journal, three in the Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology, two articles published in the Brazilian Journal of Plastic Surgery and an article published in the journal Cogitare Enfermagem. Four articles were published in 2019, followed by two articles in 2017 and 2018 and one article in 2016 and 2020. In five articles, data were collected in the State of São Paulo, followed by two articles with data collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná and an article that had the data collected in the Federal District. The risk factors for Venous Thromboembolism, cited in the articles, were: reduced mobility or postoperative immobilization; advanced age; previous history of venous thromboembolism; chronic diseases; obesity; hormone replacement therapy and use of oral contraceptives; use of chemotherapy medications; the need for radiotherapy; need for surgical intervention and anesthesia; hospitalization above four days; major surgeries; prolonged time of surgery; recent surgical procedures; smoking; large burns; use of venous devices; pregnant women and a history of trauma. The methods used as thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients, cited by the articles were: administration of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin; early ambulation; motor physiotherapy and lower limbs mobilization; use of graduated compression stocking and intermittent pneumatic compression device. Conclusions: Articles published in the Brazilian Vascular Journal, published in 2019, with data collected in the state of São Paulo predominated. Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors related to Venous Thromboembolism and pharmacological and non-pharmacological prophylactic methods have been identified. Knowledge about risk factors for proper use of prophylactic methods may decrease the incidence rate of VTE in hospitalized patients.

Keywords: "Venous Thromboembolism", "Pulmonary Embolism", "Risk Factors", "Disease Prevention".